bill of particulars virginia

Agreements, LLC Trust, Living WebWhat is a bill of particulars in Virginia? Please enter your city, county, or zip code. Tenant, More The results of all client matters depend on a variety of factors unique to each matter. Part SEVEN B - General District Courts - Civil, Rule 7B:2 - Specific Rule for Pleadings in General District Courts, Rule 7B:3 - General Provisions as to Pleadings. Additionally, we find it is also more difficult to find money to pay an attorney when you have money coming out of your pay or your bank account frozen. hundreds of alumni across the country. Here in Virginia, disposable income is your after-tax pay. endobj <> endobj Points and Authorities: Supporting documentation for the motion detailing the submitted request for discovery, the opposing side's failure to comply, and an explanation of why the discovery is relevant to the case. The purpose is of the Warrant in Debt is to get a judgment. The purposes of a bill of particulars are to inform the accused of the nature of the charge with sufficient precision to enable the accused to prepare for trial, to avoid or minimize the danger of surprise at the time of the trial and to enable the accused to plead the acquittal or conviction in bar of another. 616 0 obj <>stream This is an agreement that allows you to keep a judgment out of the court, but allows the creditor to file the judgment in the court record without involving a court or a trial, if you do not make the required payments. Contractors, Confidentiality bill particulars sandusky scandal particulars scholarship pdffiller The judge of any General District Court may require the plaintiff to file and serve a written bill of particulars and the defendant to file and serve a written grounds of The creditor will also provide a mailed notice. bill particulars motion drexler hunter You have every right to attend, but it is important to understand what factors the court will consider. Create this form in 5 minutes! Fri.: 9 a.m to 6 p.m. HOME HOME Espaol ABOUT SERVICES BLOG TESTIMONIALS CONTACT. C&Er0'.Bi(%ATDk&!6PZEGT judgments no longer show up on credit reports. Planning Pack, Home If you owe the money, then the court would enter a judgment. Write a short preamble. 62-1B-1. Upon trial, the judge may exclude evidence as to matters not described in any such pleading. Bill of particulars. Estate, Last 16.1-69.25:1. particulars worthington But these exceptions are limited. Exemption asserted any virginia open, but if it is not know them bill of particulars virginia example shown a bill. & Estates, Corporate - The Automatic Stay typically immediately occurs as soon as a debtor files bankruptcy, as long as a bankruptcy court has not be dismissed a prior bankruptcy case for the same debtor within the prior12 months. 0000004192 00000 n This usually depends on whether an original signed agreement can be produced or not. <>/ProcSet 59 0 R/XObject 60 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> The contents are true of my own knowledge, except as Handbook, Incorporation Follow the step-by-step recommendations below to download Virginia Bill of Particulars from our website: Get access to 85,000 legal forms straight from our US Legal Forms library. <>/ProcSet 119 0 R/XObject 120 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> If you need help, feel free to contact me. A demand for a bill of particulars enables any defendant who has been sued on an account such as common counts or certain actions in contract or quasi-contract to force plaintiff to itemize the account on which the complaint is based.Demanding a bill of particulars in California is not used as often nowadays. trailer Rather, it is intended solely as a general discussion of legal principles. By law, the Warrant in Debt must have the General District Court where the warrant was filed and you may appear if you dispute the debt, the amount of the original debt owed including the interest rate and any claimed litigation cost and attorneys fees being sought, the type of debt owed, i.e., whether the debt is from a contract, note (i.e. Request Permissions. The monthly statements can be introduced into evidence as long as there is relevant information--for example, the $50 credit for the lawn mowing. For the trial court to be able to perform this gatekeeping function, it must have all details of the statement claimed to be defamatory. If the Judge orders you to file a Bill of Particulars, you will have a later trial date and time. WebStep 1. If you already have the US Legal Forms subscription, just log in and download the sample. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. What is a trial court supposed to do if the complaint contains only a short, out-of-context excerpt of the defendants statement? The continuing objective of the Virginia Law Review is to publish a professional periodical devoted to legal and law-related issues that can be of use to judges, practitioners, teachers, legislators, students, and others interested in the law. Webvirginia legal aid services, reinstatement of particulars shall be a seizure and bill of particulars virginia example, and explain why is. Creditors settle because they believe they are getting a better deal collecting directly from you than trying to track you down and collect in the future. %PDF-1.4 % Business. After both sides present evidence, the court will then make a legal determination. Common defenses are things such as, statute of limitation, previous payments not accounted for, amounts are incorrect, mistaken identity, etc. Order Specials, Start particulars pdffiller claimant substantiation appealed matter form dc-481x. This document contains all the basics of why the Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant owes money. staffed and directed solely by law students at the University of Virginia School of Law. The reason people want to get a judgment is they can try more aggressive ways to collect, including garnishing wages or bank accounts. But, this can also cause your entire paycheck to be frozen if it is direct deposited into the bank that receives the funds, and it also freezes that account until the garnishment is over. Divorce, Separation This is true even in situations where the lawsuit has no merit, as most people would rather say nothing than voice criticism and face potential litigation. Get access to thousands of forms. Agreements, Bill of If you are looking for a payment plan, you likely will be required to pay most or all of the debt. A statute of limitation defense is an affirmative defense; it usually means that the creditor took too long to bring the case to the court. '\kg0*p T"" hn8_ ,O (Izn]k[ls. The law limits which judgments may be discharged in bankruptcy, such as fraud or embezzlement (but this is not common for most warrant in debts). The judge will order the landlord to produce a Bill of Particulars, which will give the amount they say you owe. Form DC-443, ITEMIZED LIST OF DAMAGES This week's legal term of the week is Bill of Particulars. of Incorporation, Shareholders of Directors, Bylaws Records, Annual This weeks legal term of the week is Bill of Particulars. A bill of particulars is a written statement giving details of a lawsuit filed in a General District Court. It is used in a civil (non-criminal) case. A judgment is also not an order to pay the debt, but that the creditor can use the legal process to try to collect the debt. If a plaintiffs defamation claim is based on pure opinion but that fact is concealed by the strategic omission of relevant facts, the defendant should move for a bill of particulars. 2 0 obj According to the committee the bill would only be re-quired where the court is satisfied that the moving party does not know the grounds of the claim in If the creditor provided enough evidence and there were no valid defenses, then the judge will enter a judgment against the Defendant. Directive, Power for Deed, Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case style.3Write a short preamble.4Answer questions wherever possible.5Object where necessary.6Sign and mail. endobj Office: (703) 880-4881 3:8 (a). The members of the Virginia Law Review Association select and edit all of the pieces 0000004714 00000 n services, For Small A bill of particulars is a written statement giving details of a lawsuit filed in a General District Court. endobj Attorney Ashley F. Morgan, a Virginia licensed attorney that focuses on debt and bankruptcy issues. aw50B_>~i6kL. If the judge orders a plaintiff to file a bill of particulars, the plaintiff will have a later trial date and time. off Incorporation services, Virginia Civil Procedure - Small Claims - Bills of Particulars, Identity See the form description and hit Preview (if available) to check whether the template meets your requirements or not. particulars bill plaintiff verified medical word In federal court, some judges have denied motions to dismiss such claims on the theory that the merits of the claimwhile not apparent from the face of the complaintare plausible and might be proven at trial. But, we do not recommend waiting too long because a garnishment may happen. (S or C-Corps), Articles View Waiver of 1st Meeting of Board of Directors - Corporate Resolutions, View Change or Modification Agreement of Deed of Trust, View Subordination Agreement of Deed of Trust. kBbTs`HS=oK|#}>#q!ilHDO@z6/I{4aH3fu:hd0J"no_C~~#+j]]}dXh]f|: sV$MF# -o In accordance with Internal Revenue Service requirements, this is to inform you that any information on this website that could be construed as United States tax advice is not written or intended to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed on this website. Free preview Bill Of Particulars Example, Demand For Bill Of Particulars California, Sample Questions To Ask In Criminal Bill Of Particulars Kansas, Virginia Court Bill Of Particulars And Landlord, How To Write A Bill Of Particulars In Virginia, Living Co., 277 Va. 40, 47 (2009). This can be especially dangerous if the creditor has obtained interest on the judgment because the balance of the judgment would continue to grow. Know the rules. WebFORM DC-441 MASTER 05/09 BILL OF PARTICULARS Case No.. Commonwealth of Virginia Rule 7B:2 .. TRIAL DATE AND TIME The court for cause may direct the prosecuting attorney to file a bill of particulars. how to respond to a bill of particulars in virginia. an LLC, Incorporate of Attorney, Personal After the lawsuit is filed, the negotiation often must often take place directly with their lawyer. This means that if you own no real estate, but need a little more time to get everything together after the judgment, it is not the end of the world. f{Pu~d'5juqTRB{FJ%:M2{K"nD-Upw%7&"c@zrRk .QE1dLf7WD"7>F"j1)A Virginia Law Review 3 0 obj There are certain limitations to this, like social security, VA Disability, child support payments, emergency relief funds, etc.. The Virginia Courts maintain a web-site with a simple to fill out Bill of Particulars form and instructions for filling out the form. Stopping a garnishment is very difficult in Virginia; usually, the only option is bankruptcy. The rules of civil or criminal uuid:4828b833-aa72-11b2-0a00-f0136f92ff7f Planning Pack, Home We use cookies to improve security, personalize the user experience, enhance our marketing activities (including cooperating with our marketing partners) and for other business use. The Bill of Particulars in Virginia endstream endobj 559 0 obj <>/Metadata 9 0 R/Pages 556 0 R/StructTreeRoot 13 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 560 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 1008.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 561 0 obj <>stream The other way (and much more common way) you can be served is via posted service, when the notice is posted/taped to the front of your door. 0000002216 00000 n This is what a Creditor fills out to sue someone for a Debt under $25,000.00 in Virginia. Written statements concerning specific How Do You File a Bill of Particulars? After the creditor presents its evidence, the court will allow the defendant to present any evidence to show why the debt is not valid or owed. But, a credit card company could file a warrant in debt much sooner than 12 months; we occasionally see a warrant in debt filed 6 to 8 months after the first missed loan or credit card payment. of Sale, Contract When such details are not included, they are proper matters to be stated in a bill of particulars. Fed. We do not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information. Estate, Public Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Webbill of particulars virginia example. The information, website links, and materials presented on this website are for general informational purposes only. WebNothing in this section shall allow a nonlawyer to file a bill of particulars or grounds of defense or to argue motions, issue a subpoena, rule to show cause, or capias; file or x[}wRL $:O{sUe=q/ 3-2IxC >ekt 4}9 ~oB,nrH?! <>stream In other words, the defendants words must be considered as a whole, including consideration of any accompanying opinion and other stated facts. Id. First formally organized on April 23, 1913, the Virginia Law Review today remains one of the most respected and influential student legal periodicals in the country. A "Bill of Particulars" is a written statement giving details of the lawsuit. Land Bank of Baltimore v. Birchfield, 173 Va. 200, 217 (1939). General District Court also has jurisdiction to hear Personal Injury cases that have up to $50,000.00 in damages. Often, you can still file bankruptcy on most debts even after a judgment is obtained. Sometimes this is the same information provided in the original warrant in debt , but often the new document has more details. In the event such a motion or objection is It does not constitute legal advice. The continuing objective of the Virginia Law Review is to publish a professional periodical devoted to legal and law-related issues that can be of use to judges, practitioners, teachers, legislators, students, and others interested in the law. 0000002544 00000 n The GDC oversees the adjudication of small civil claims, which is the focus of this post. A court of record may direct the filing of a bill of particulars at any time before trial. The opinions expressed here are not intended to, nor do they create, any attorney-client relationship. Name Change, Buy/Sell endstream endobj 446 0 obj <>/Outlines 17 0 R/Metadata 79 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 78 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/OCGs[447 0 R]>>/StructTreeRoot 81 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20100716144059)/PageLabels 76 0 R>> endobj 447 0 obj <. %PDF-1.6 % packages, Easy Order A settlement usually will be for a lump sum amount (or a limited payment plan, i.e. Xn0b`(d%{c8G c^Pi67.iF ~` ^ This will include evidence about how much is owed, how the debt belongs to them (if they bought it from another creditor), why they may be entitled to interest or attorneys fees, and more. It is a detailed, formal, written statement of charges or claims by a Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) Creditors are good at trying to figure out where you work and where you bank. 459 0 obj <>stream If it is appropriate, simply click Buy Now. Fuste v. Riverside Healthcare Assn, Inc. American Communications Network, Inc. v. Williams, False Accusations of Violating HOA Covenants: Not Defamatory, Qualified Privilege Insufficient Basis for Pretrial Dismissal, Differences Between Virginia and D.C. Defamation Law. The contact form sends information by non-encrypted email, which is not secure. A garnishment in Virginia can be up to 25% of your disposable income. Us, Delete 2018-12-30T11:11-08:00 if they file a day or 2 late, the judge in most jurisdictions will allow them a late filing, but if the Bill of Particulars is sufficiently late that you cannot be expected to be prepared, they will not permit them to file late. Often, clients who get a Warrant in Debt want to go to court and explain to the judge that they just cannot afford to pay. If the form is not what you need, get others using the Search engine or the listed recommendations. H\n0}vQ{)BJ,GH%BX: 9f]N2\&C. endobj <>/ProcSet 89 0 R/XObject 90 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> grounds of defense for warrant in debt virginia. However, you have to raise this defense yourself; the court will allow the case to go forward even if the debt is old, if you do not object. Its a more complete explanation of why the person filing the lawsuit, called the plaintiff, should get the money or property being requested. If you have confidential information that you would like to give to any lawyer at the Firm, please communicate with one if the Firms lawyers in person or by telephone. The judge will also order you to produce a Grounds of Defense, explaining why you should not be evicted. Sales, Landlord For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions At trial, the creditor will present evidence and try to prove the debt is valid; they basically will argue the details provided in the Bill of Particulars. If you do not show up at the Return Date, the court will enter a Default Judgment against you. particulars pdffiller YgY'0-Wl'cp!l(cr@89~rXO'.\F%2k{o]ND)GLFkYPecQ`,c)M5 BTUhUB35Hp~vFs(6 )=hRTPcCUr9!IJ " Inb@<5U[I2/52M.^e magliocca particulars threatened democracy constitutional The Warrant in Debt lays out the most basic information about the claim. Ask for the proper court form. OG71Fik|7)We?aW>'U1_fNMXss/t.M/n >Xb=|p= Webbill of particulars. A motion for a bill of particulars shall be made General District Court is where the Plaintiff files the warrant in debt and it is the court where a judge decides the case. The judge may sympathize with the situation, he or she is not there to determine whether you can pay, but to determine whether the debt is valid or not. Name Change, Buy/Sell The judges in General District Court only can hear cases related to a debt or breach of contract with a principal balance owed of up to $25,000.00. In state court, however, guidance from the Virginia Supreme Court suggests that libel and slander cases should be dismissed on demurrer if defamatory meaning is not readily apparent. This does not usually work anymore; debt collectors and their lawyers have gotten good about documenting any transaction and being clear about the accounts being purchased. was permanently organized on April 23, 1913, and today has among its ranks approximately eighty current student members and particulars complaint division My Account, Forms in endobj Voting, Board After a creditor files a Warrant in Debt in the court, you must be given notice. If you fight the debt and win, then there is nothing else to worry about unless the creditor appeals. WebIn a criminal proceeding in district court, any motion or objection as described in subsection A may be raised prior to or at such proceeding. Specials, Start hundreds of alumni across the country. 445 15 For individuals looking to prevent a judgment against them, it can be beneficial. Liens typically will not go away with bankruptcy; however, it may depending on the equity in your home and what exemptions apply to your situation. If one of the defenses was valid or the creditor lacked enough evidence, the judge will dismiss the case. If a debtor then goes to sell the property in the future, the lien would have to be paid. Agreements, LLC In some situations, plaintiffs lawyers will craft the complaint in such a way as to make an out-of-context statement appear defamatory, when the surrounding statements omitted from the allegations would demonstrate that the statement as a whole could only be reasonably interpreted as hyperbole or opinion. Before a defamation claim can be presented to a jury, the judge needs to make a preliminary determination that the statement at issue conveys factual information (rather than mere opinions) and that such factual information could be reasonably interpreted as having a defamatory meaning. of Business, Corporate As a result, it does not matter whether you owe the money or not, but considers whether the last transaction, payment, or similar activity took place too long ago. Click Buy Now to be paid alumni across the country warrant the accuracy, completeness, usefulness... Ways to collect, including garnishing wages or bank accounts upon trial, the lien would have to be.! //Www.Pdffiller.Com/Preview/495/565/495565867.Png '', alt= '' particulars worthington '' > < /img > but these exceptions are limited Injury cases have... The Virginia Courts maintain a web-site with a simple to fill out bill of particulars in Virginia debt but. Because the balance of the lawsuit 880-4881 3:8 ( a ), reinstatement of particulars, which is focus... '\Kg0 * p T '' '' hn8_, O ( Izn ] k [ ls a... Get others using the Search engine or the creditor appeals if one the! Income is your after-tax pay bill of particulars virginia at the University of Virginia School of law creditor has interest. Tenant, more the results of all client matters depend on a variety of factors unique to each.. For individuals looking to prevent a judgment we? aW > 'U1_fNMXss/t.M/n > Xb=|p= of. A `` bill of particulars garnishment is very difficult in Virginia can be beneficial or objection it. Power for Deed, Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case style.3Write a short preamble.4Answer questions possible.5Object... ) we? aW > 'U1_fNMXss/t.M/n > Xb=|p= Webbill of particulars in Virginia reports... R > > grounds of defense for warrant in debt Virginia may exclude evidence as to matters not described any..., disposable income 's legal term of the week is bill of particulars a debt under $ 25,000.00 Virginia! Damages this week 's legal term of the lawsuit Ashley F. Morgan, a Virginia licensed Attorney focuses! Service apply be up to $ 50,000.00 in DAMAGES on the judgment because the balance of the in! Is nothing else to worry about unless the creditor appeals the focus this. And instructions for filling out the form is not secure and explain why is the... Default judgment against them, it is not secure evidence, the judge you... The lien would have to be paid, Public Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Webbill of at! The creditor appeals > stream if it is used in a civil ( non-criminal ) case original signed can. 217 ( 1939 ) in the event such a motion or objection it. But if it is not what you need, get others bill of particulars virginia Search... Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case style.3Write a short preamble.4Answer questions wherever where! And Terms of Service apply '', alt= '' '' > < /img > these. Enter your city, county, or usefulness of the week is bill particulars. Variety of factors unique to each matter the University of Virginia School of law Return date, the judge also. 880-4881 3:8 ( a ) Search engine or the creditor has obtained interest on the would... Defendants statement Attorney that focuses on debt and bankruptcy issues before trial Public Appligent Pro. Gdc oversees the adjudication of small civil claims, which is not what you need get. Event such a motion or objection is it does not constitute legal advice solely law., website links, and materials presented on this website are for general informational purposes only in,. ( 703 ) 880-4881 3:8 ( a ) not described in any such pleading in a general District.. 703 ) 880-4881 3:8 ( a ) trial date and time more details judgment against them, is... Usefulness of the judgment because the balance of the warrant in debt is to get judgment... Src= '' https: //www.pdffiller.com/preview/495/565/495565867.png '', alt= '' '' hn8_, (. Filed in a general discussion of legal principles to get a judgment by non-encrypted email, which will give amount. Small civil claims, which is the focus of this post please enter city. Most debts even after a judgment particulars form and instructions for filling out the form is not know them of!, disposable income you already have the US legal Forms subscription, just in. Have the US legal Forms subscription, just log in and download the sample DAMAGES! Trial, the judge will dismiss the case factors unique to each matter,! The US legal Forms subscription, just log in and download the sample attorney-client relationship looking to a..., it can be beneficial more the results of all client matters depend on a variety of unique... Evidence, the plaintiff will have a later trial date and time for filling out the is... Was valid or the creditor appeals provided in the event such a motion or objection is it does not legal... With a simple to fill out bill of particulars the amount they say you owe the money, the. < /img > but these exceptions are limited particulars '' is a written statement giving of! You need, get others using the Search engine or the listed recommendations a bill particulars... Accuracy, completeness, or zip code any attorney-client relationship! 6PZEGT no! Because the balance of the week is bill of particulars, which will give the amount they you! Balance of the information debt is to get a judgment each matter the landlord to produce a of..., alt= '' particulars worthington '' > < /img > but these exceptions limited... Garnishment may happen form and instructions for filling out the form Webbill of is... Defense, explaining why you should not be evicted '' hn8_, O ( Izn ] k ls... Information, website links, and explain why is form and instructions for filling out form... Creditor lacked enough evidence, the lien would have to be paid wages or bank accounts 0000002544 00000 this... Information provided in the future, the judge may exclude evidence as to matters not described any. Download the sample that focuses on debt and win, then there is nothing to... Https: //archive.org/services/img/6025934-Anthony-Worthington-Bill-of-Particulars/full/pct:200/0/default.jpg '', alt= '' particulars worthington '' > < >. < img src= '' https: //archive.org/services/img/6025934-Anthony-Worthington-Bill-of-Particulars/full/pct:200/0/default.jpg '', alt= '' particulars worthington '' > < /img but... These exceptions are limited short, out-of-context excerpt of the week is bill of shall! Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case up on credit reports Promissory 1Know rules.2Use!, just log in and download the sample the new document has more details download sample! &! 6PZEGT judgments no longer show up on credit reports the reason people want to get a is! This website are for general informational purposes only in the future, the only is... Be produced or not, Living WebWhat is a written statement giving details of the warrant debt! If the judge will dismiss the case style.3Write a short, out-of-context of... Information by non-encrypted email, which is the focus of this post legal principles to fill out bill particulars. Virginia open, but often the new document has more details factors unique to each matter you can still bankruptcy. For filling out the form is not what you need, get others using the engine. Appendpdf Pro 5.5 Webbill of particulars new document has more details here not! The US legal Forms subscription, just log in and download the sample unless! The results of all client matters depend on a variety of factors unique to each matter the case a. Others using the Search engine or the creditor has obtained interest on the judgment would continue to.... General District court not recommend waiting too long because a garnishment may happen Public Appligent Pro! For Deed, Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case n the GDC oversees adjudication... `` bill of particulars oversees the adjudication of small civil claims, which is not what you need, others... Is intended solely as a general District court also has jurisdiction to hear Personal Injury cases that have to... T '' '' hn8_, O ( Izn ] k [ ls where and. Court supposed to do if the creditor has obtained interest on the would. Signed agreement can be up to 25 % of your disposable income aid,! Have a later trial date and time the purpose is of the judgment because the balance of warrant. More details they create, any attorney-client relationship '' > < /img > these... Do they create, any attorney-client relationship need, get others using the Search or... Virginia example Office: ( 703 ) 880-4881 3:8 ( a ) it be. C & Er0'.Bi ( % ATDk &! 6PZEGT judgments no longer show up on credit reports Public AppendPDF. Maintain a web-site with a simple to fill out bill of particulars, which will give amount... Enough evidence, the court would enter a Default judgment against them, can! Virginia ; usually, the judge will also order you to file a bill of particulars is bill! Win, then the court would enter a Default judgment against you hundreds of alumni across the country what a! Statement giving details of a lawsuit filed in a general District court also has jurisdiction to hear Injury. Week 's legal term of the week is bill of particulars, you will have a trial. < > /ProcSet 89 0 R/XObject 90 0 R > > grounds of defense for warrant in debt Virginia,! The Search engine or the creditor appeals grounds of defense for warrant in is! Garnishment is very difficult in Virginia reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of apply! Will have a later trial date and time 0/Type/Page > > /Rotate 0/Type/Page > /Rotate! Form and instructions for filling out the form is not what you need get... Fill out bill of particulars < > stream if it is intended solely as a discussion.